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World War II

World War II. “A war to end all wars”. Overview of World War I: 1914-1918 Franz Ferdinand KILLED; future leader of Austria-Hungary. Sparks war 2 sides: Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Allies: France, Britain, Russia, U.S. Trench Warfare. “A war to end all wars”.

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World War II

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  1. World War II

  2. “A war to end all wars” • Overview of World War I: • 1914-1918 • Franz Ferdinand KILLED; future leader of Austria-Hungary. • Sparks war • 2 sides: • Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire • Allies: France, Britain, Russia, U.S. • Trench Warfare

  3. “A war to end all wars” • U.S. = isolationism • U.S. trades supplies for profit • German U-boats attack supply ships; Lusitania • Zimmerman Telegram • Ger./Mex. • U.S. enters war June 1917

  4. “A war to end all wars” • War ends November 1918 • Treaty of Versailles • Germany pays majority of reparations (war damages) • Army disassembled; weapons destroyed • After World War I, Germany plunges into deep economic depression. • Germans starving, unemployed; no relief coming.

  5. “A war to end all wars” • In 1933, a radical named Adolf Hitler, gains popularity under new political party: • National Socialist Party of Germany (Nazi) • Hitler gains power by winning elections…and killing/intimidating opponents. • Under Hitler’s leadership, Germany begins manufacturing weapons & building army.

  6. “A war to end all wars” • By 1939, Germany is a military power, unknown to the world. • Hitler not only dictator to control his country: • Mussolini – Italy • Stalin – Russia • Tojo – Japan • Hitler and Mussolini reach agreement to be allies; create Axis Powers in 1936. • Japan joins in 1940.

  7. “A war to end all wars” • Hitler forcefully takes two territories: • Sudetenland • Rhineland (Austria) • Hitler claimed he was unifying native-speaking Germans with homeland. • Russia warned if Germany attacked Sudetenland, war would follow.

  8. “A war to end all wars” • Neville Chamberlain (Britain P.M.) meets w/ Hitler in Berlin; create Munich Agreement. • Britain & France used a policy of appeasement* to end tension. • * - meeting demands of a country to avoid war. • Munich Agreement stated: • Germany could keep land, but couldn’t seek more land. • Britain & France wouldn’t attack Germany if they stopped seeking land.

  9. “A war to end all wars” • Munich Agreement didn’t stop Germany from seeking new lands to conquer. • Germany announced plans to invade Poland • Britain & France warn that invasion would mean war. • Russia (Stalin) & Germany (Hitler) agree to split Poland in half. • Germany invades Poland Sept. 1, 1939. • Britain & France declare war on Germany (Sept. 3, 1939)

  10. Homework #1 – 4/10/13 • Who was assassinated to spark World War I? • What type of warfare was used in World War I? • What ship was sunk that helped persuade the U.S. to join World War I? • What country had to pay most of the war damages, according to the Treaty of Versailles? • To help Germany crawl out of their depression, what did Hitler start to build? • What three countries made up the Axis Powers? • Why, according to Hitler, did Germany take the Sudetenland & Rhineland? • What two provisions did the Munich Agreement state? • What happened following Germany’s invasion of Poland?

  11. “A war to end all wars” • Using a new method of warfare called “blitzkrieg*”, Germany quickly advanced through Europe. • * - Lightning war. • Using this warfare, Germany conquered: • Poland in a month (Sept. 1939) • Denmark, Norway, Belgium, & Netherlands by April 1940

  12. “A war to end all wars” • France had prepared for war long before Hitler came into power in Germany. • Expecting a warfare like World War I (trench), French military built the Maginot Line. • German forces move quickly around the Maginot Line; France falls into German control by mid-June 1940. • Britain is last nation between total German domination of Europe.

  13. “A war to end all wars” • Two sides begin to emerge in WWII: • Germany begin constantly bombing Britain; Britain pleads with U.S. to enter war. • U.S. (still in Great Depression) refuses to enter war; does provide Britain with war supplies. • Axis: • Germany • Italy • Japan • Allies: • Britain • Russia • U.S.

  14. “A war to end all wars” • Britain doesn’t surrender; Hitler grows impatient with progress; turns attention to Russia. • Needing oil and grain to “feed his war machine”, Hitler attacks Russia. • Germany is successful early, but harsh winter in Dec. 1941 slows progress. • “Gen. January & Gen. February”

  15. “A war to end all wars” • While the war began in Europe, Japan began adding land in Pacific Rim, using force. • As Japan continued aggression, U.S. issued economic sanctions/trade ban against them. • Bank accounts frozen; money unusable • Resources cut off • With Japan needing money & resources from U.S., an attack against U.S. is planned.

  16. “A war to end all wars” • Japan wants: • Full control of Pacific Ocean • Retaliation against U.S. for sanctions • Launching point for U.S. attack/invasion • Japan decides to attack U.S. Pacific Fleet HQ*. • * - Pearl Harbor, HI • 2 weeks prior to attack, ENTIRE Japanese navy disappears from U.S. intelligence.

  17. “A war to end all wars” • Ships in Pearl Harbor are placed close together to prevent sabotage. • Easier to monitor boats if closer together. • U.S. Army placed radar on island; group of B-17 bombers expected to land in Hawaii that morning. • First wave of Japanese fighters/bombers leave carriers; bound for 2 airfields in Hawaii. • Destroyer row is next target.

  18. “A war to end all wars” • First wave of Japanese fighters/bombers leave carriers; bound for 2 airfields in Hawaii. • On Dec. 7, 1941at 7:15 a.m., Japanese planes attack: • Hickam Air Field • Ford Island Air strip • Most U.S. soldiers still asleep in barracks (Sunday morning).

  19. “A war to end all wars” • After airfields are destroyed, Battleship Row is next target of attack. • U.S.S. Oklahoma is first destroyer hit with Japanese torpedo. • Rest of destroyers are bombed/torpedoed/strafed by Japanese planes.

  20. “A war to end all wars” • U.S.S. Arizona was: • Largest Destroyer • Held most sailors, ammunition, oil • “Pride of Pacific Fleet” • Japanese bomber drops a bomb that drops between first 2 turrets of ship. • Bomb lands in ammunition room, 2 decks above oil tanks. • Bomb explodes immediately killing 1,300 soldiers.

  21. “A war to end all wars” • A 2nd wave of Japanese planes arrive in Pearl Harbor and continue attack. • All destroyers are sunk or badly damaged; U.S.S. Oklahoma capsizes. • 3rd wave of Japanese attack is cancelled; Japan begins trip back home. • Upon leaving, Admiral Yamamoto (Japan) utters famous quote: • “I think we might have woke a sleeping giant”.

  22. “A war to end all wars” • Later on Dec. 7, 12 U.S. B-17 bombers arrive in Hawaii; 7 shot down for fear of Japanese planes. • President Roosevelt addresses Congress next day (Dec. 8): • Gets unanimous Declaration of War from Congress. • FDR labels Dec. 7 : • “…a date which will live in infamy…”

  23. “A war to end all wars” • Quick overview of Pearl Harbor Attack: • Lasts just over 2 hours. • 2,400 civilians/soldiers dead • Pacific Fleet destroyed (minus 3 aircraft carriers) • To commemorate attack, U.S.S. Arizona is left in harbor as memorial.

  24. “A war to end all wars” • Following Pearl Harbor attacks, resentment towards Asian-Americans grow. • Japanese-Americans (most Asian-Americans) on West Coast are forced: • Out of their homes • To leave jobs/business • To take any personal items that can fit in 1 suitcase • To move to a camp to live in for duration of war with Japan

  25. “A war to end all wars” • Once the war had ended, Japanese-Americans were freed from camps and sent back home. • Internees paid money by U.S. gov’t upon being freed (1948). • In 1988, 40 years after being freed from camps, Congress approved a law that provided: • An official apology • A payment of $20,000 to each surviving internee

  26. “A war to end all wars” • Two quotes summarize the Japanese-American internment camps: “I don’t want any of them (people of Japanese descent) here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty…it makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still a Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty.” - Gen. John DeWitt (Western Defense Command) “I had a neighbor who said “You know, we’re American citizens, and we could really fight this thing.” I just had the feeling that this was something the whole community was going to go through because…we’re loyal and we’ll do whatever we need to do in order to help the war effort.” - Sue Kunitomi-Embry (Internee)

  27. Homework #2 – 4/17/13 • What type of warfare did Germany use to conquer nations? • What did the U.S. issue against Japan after their aggressive expansion? • Why did Japan attack the U.S. Pacific Fleet Headquarters? • When did the attack on Pearl Harbor happen? • What ship was known as the “Pride of the Pacific Fleet”? How many sailor were killed when that ship sunk? • How many people were killed in the Pearl Harbor attack? • Where were Japanese-Americans placed, following Pearl Harbor?

  28. “A war to end all wars” • With U.S. fully involved in WW II, U.S. troops & supplies begin to arrive in Britain. • Allied forces had a two part plan to free Europe from German control: • Attack German forces in North Africa • Invade France; free them from German control

  29. “A war to end all wars” • Allied forces begin attacking German forces in Northern Africa. • Win quickly; set sights on Europe. • Allied forces use North Africa as launching point into Europe; start invading Italy. • Mussolini (Italian dictator) is ousted; executed by Italians. • As Allies break into Europe, Germany’s invasion into Russia ends; begin retreating back to Germany.

  30. “A war to end all wars” • Operation Overlordis created to break into France & free it from German control. • Overlord called for: • Allies to cross English Channel • Take beaches controlled by German forcesin daylight • Days before attack, Gen. Eisenhower leaks misinformation to trick Germans. • Allies would be landing in Calais, not Normandy

  31. “A war to end all wars” • Due to bad weather, invasion is delayed until the 4th day (D-Day). • Invasion is bloody, but successful; within 3 months, German forces are retreating from France. • 10,000 Allied troop casualties (1,465 U.S. dead) • Allied forces begin push towards Germany; Battle of Bulge last major battle between Germany & Allies.

  32. “A war to end all wars” • By early 1945, Germany is in full retreat: • Retreating from U.S. & Britain in west. • Retreating from Russia in east. • Russian forces reach Berlin by late April; Allied forces about 4 days behind. • As Russian forces took Berlin, Hitler committed suicide on April 30 to avoid capture by Russians/Allies.

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