Parts of speech

1. Parts of speech What are they? What do they do in a sentence?

2. Parts of speech – the elite 8! • Noun • Pronoun • Verb • Adjective • Adverb • Preposition • Conjunction – coordinating, subordinating, correlating • Interjection Look up the parts of speech by clicking here! Write down definitions and a few examples of each on your worksheet. Lost your worksheet? Click on the pencils to print a new one.

3. Nouns – special types • These are the 5 different kinds of nouns: • Common nouns – generalpeople, places, things • Concrete vs. abstract– concrete are things you can see, smell or touch, abstractare often ideas or qualities • Proper nouns – specificpeople, places, things;often names • Collective nouns – special names for groups of things Click here for examples of common and proper; concrete and abstract, and collective nouns. Write them on your worksheet!

4. Nouns – singular or plural? • To be singularmeans to be one – the loneliest number. To be pluralmeans to be more than one – how very sociable! • Sometimes it’s obvious when nouns are plural or singular, sometimes not. • Try your hand at the examples on your worksheet. Write “S” for singular and “P” for plural on your worksheet. Click on Shakespeare to check your work!

5. Pronouns - jobs • So, we already know that pronouns replace nouns and proper nouns in sentences. They’re handy little things and keep us from sounding repetitive! (Just think: Mr. Jones is a huge fan of squid eyeball stew; it is Mr. Jones’ favorite dish – Mr. Jones has it every year for Mr. Jones’ birthday.) If only we had a pronoun… • That seems simple enough, so try your hand at the examples on your worksheet. • Click here for a full list of pronouns – in case you get stuck. Click on Shakespeare to check your work!

6. Verbs • These are the 2 main kinds of verbs: click here for the full text • Action verbs– show actions performed (do not have to be visible or obvious) • Linking verbs– do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of a verb to additional information about the subject. • The squid eyeball stew tastedgood. • Try the examples on your worksheet. Write “A” next to verbs that are action and “L” next to those that are linking. Click on Shakespeare to check your work! • Don’t get it? Click on the confused person!

7. Adjective vs. adverb • These bad boys do a lot of heavy lifting in the English language. They are all that stands between us and unmodified language. • Yuck. • Here is the main difference between the two: • ADJECTIVES modify/change: nouns, pronouns • ADVERBS modify/change: verbs, adjectives, other adverbs • Try the examples on your worksheet. Write “ADJ” next to the sentence if the underlined word is an adjective, or write “ADV” if you think it’s an adverb! Click on Shakespeare to check your work!

8. Prepositional phrases • Here’s the recipe for any good prepositional phrase. Click herefor the complete chart of prepositions! • Preposition + modifier (optional) + noun, pronoun or gerund = prepositional phrase! • Here are some examples: • Next to the babblingstream • In the boringmagazine • Under the bed • With her Test your knowledge of prepositional phrases! Underline them in sentences on your worksheet. Click on Shakespeare to check your work!

9. Conjunctions - Coordinating You’re so awesome! I’m your biggest fan! • They’re your biggest FANBOYS! • FOR • AND • NOR • BUT • OR • YET • SO

10. Coordinating conjunctions – jobs • So, what do they do? • Use them to connect two items or modifiers. • The student eyeball soup was hotanddelicious. • 2. Use them to connect two main clauses. • While I am at work, my dog Lola sleeps on the couch, and Hazel growls at passersby. • 3. Use them to connect the last of 3 or more items in a series. • I am going to Target to get dog food, poo bags, and flea shampoo.

11. Conjunctions – subordinating • Subordinate clauses are also called dependent clauses – because they can’t stand on their own. They can’t be their own sentences because they don’t express a complete thought. They leave the reader thinking, “What happened?” • AfterAmysneezed all over the salad bar… • (After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb) • UntilMrs. Ellington has her third cup of coffee … • (Until = subordinate conjunction; Mrs. Ellington= subject; has = verb) Click here for a full list of subordinating conjunctions!

12. Conjunctions - correlating • These little beauties always come in pairs! The most common examples are: either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also • They are used to connect two equal grammatical items – i.e. if a noun follows either, then a noun follows or. • EitherI will be good and make a salad for dinner, orI will be lazy and order a pizza. • Neitherthe potted plant on the counter, northe pile of dirty dishes in the sink have enjoyed water on their surfaces for the past week. • For the party we need not only cupcakes, but also several pies. On your worksheet, complete the section for conjunctions. Click on Shakespeare to check your work!

13. Interjections – Ouch! • Interjectionsadd emotion to a sentence withoutactually modifying anything – like an adjective or adverb. Remember to punctuate them with a comma or an exclamation mark. • Wow! That is the coolest thing ever! • Oh gosh, I don’t think I really want to talk about that right now. • Click here for a link to a short video and more info about interjections! Click on the firework to skip over answers to the end!

14. Answers – plurality of nouns • SCake is my favorite food. • PGorillas also like to eat cake. • S However, my friend Jose tells me it is bad for gorillas. • S Gorillas live in a pack of few animals each. • S The leader of the pack is always a very bad motorcycle driver. • HINT: Some nouns are almostalways singular – collective nouns: • The herd of wildebeest had at least 200 animals. • Why is it singular? (It’s a big herd, but still only 1 herd!)

15. Answers - pronouns • 1. Godzilla is a grumpy monster because (he, it) woke up on the wrong side of the bed. • 2. He will go to Tokyo, where people have a lot of cake, to scare people into giving him (their) cake. • 3. There will be lots of people outside the bakery, and (they, everyone) will scream and run when Godzilla comes. • 4. He hopes that when the people run, (they) will drop the cake. • 5. All that cake isn’t good for Godzilla; (it) will probably give him a tummy ache.

16. Crazy verbs • The most common, and most commonly missed verb is “to be.” Click here for some examples and practice! • Not all actions are visible! Some actions can’t be seen: like thinking, believing, dreaming, wishing, etc. • ACTION or LINKING? • If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. • If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead. Here are some examples: • Sylvia tasted the spicy squid eyeball stew. • (Sylvia is the stew? I don't think so! Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this sentence, something Sylvia is doing.) • The squid eyeball stew tasted good. • (The stew is good? You bet. Make your own!)

17. Answers - verbs • A I sold my husband’s comic book collection while he wasn’t looking. • L It wasn’t worth as much as I thought. • A When walking in the basement you crunch cockroaches under your feet. • A Many cockroaches protest when you step on them. • L After a bad day, cockroaches always feel angry and sneak into the kitchen to exact revenge.

18. Answers – adj. vs. adv. • ADJ This squid is really slimy. • ADV I am desperately looking forward to eating it. • ADJ It’s going to be so yummy in my tummy. • ADJ Sometimes a squid puts up a good fight when you try to cook it. • ADV I often have to wrestle a squid into submission.

19. Answers – prepositional phrases • My dog Lola is currently asleep on the couch. • She will wake up sometime and go to the kitchen. • She will then take a nap in the crisper drawer. • Before I get home, she will return to the couch. • Hazel will walk past the couch and shake her head disappointedly.

20. Answers – Coordinating conj. • I was going to go to the movies tonight, (but) I was kidnapped instead. • It was very disappointing, (for) I was looking forward to the movie. • I wanted to get home in time to watch something on TV, (so) I distracted them with ice cream and stole their car. That’ll teach ‘em. Click through to the next slide for the rest of the conjunctions’ answers!

21. Answers - subordinating conj. • 4. ________ I pass the final exam, I am toast. • As a result, • Because • Since • Unless • 5. ________ the big fire, we never lit candles in the house again. • After • Because • Whereas • While • 6. Lewis will ask that girl out ________she breaks up with that other jerk. • Even • In order that • Once • While Click through to the next slide for the rest of the conjunctions’ answers!

22. Answers – correlating conj. • We can either go to the movie, or to dinner, but not both! • Lola loves all kinds of meat for a snack and will consume not only pepperoni, but also chicken nuggets. • Jon is allergic to chocolate and can eat neither brownies nor candy bars.

23. Remember… • When in doubt, look it up! • Here are some great sites and online sources available for all things grammar and punctuation: • www.chompchomp.com • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/5/ • http://www.uncg.edu/eng/writingcenter/resources.html • http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/ If you’re reading this then you’ve completed this eBook!