Parts of Speech 101

1. Parts of Speech 101 Nouns, pronouns, verbs, articles and adjectives

2. Throughout this slide, the parts of speech are color-coded. Nouns are red, pronouns pink, verbs green (for go!) and articles are blue and adjectives are purple. This color-coding scheme will be used throughout the year. 

3. Nouns • Most people take it for granted that everyone knows what a noun is. • It is a person, place, thing or idea. They are generally the subjects of sentences: • Maríawent to the store. (store is also a noun, but it isn’t the subject)

4. Try and identify the nouns in the following sentences – you should find a total of 17 words that are nouns. (Remember a first & last name = one noun, 2 words  )

5. - Late last year our neighbors bought a car. - Luciano Pavarotti was an opera singer. - The bus inspector looked at all the passengers’ passes. - According to Miss Bernard and the ACTFL, Spanish is valuable and fun! - Freedom is the mortar of a good life.

6. - Late last year our neighbors bought a car. - Luciano Pavarotti was an opera singer. - The bus inspector looked at all the passengers’ passes. - According to Miss Bernard and the ACTFL, Spanish is valuable and fun! - Freedom is the mortar of a good life.

7. Noun Gender • Many common nouns, like “doctor" or "teacher," can refer to men or women. Once upon a time, many English nouns would change depending on their gender -- for example, a man was called an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress" -- but this use of gender-specific nounsin English is very rare today. Those that are still used occasionally tend to refer to occupational categories, as in the following sentences. • Denzel Washington is a very prominent actor. • Bette Davis was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1940’s and 50’s. • The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress"

8. Noun Gender • In Spanish, all nouns have gender. This gender has nothing to do with it being a boy or girl or the perceived masculinity or femininity of the noun. • It is typical of “Romance languages” (French, Italian, Portugese, Romanian). They are called romance languages because they descended from Latin or the Romanic (Roman) language.

9. Noun Gender corbata feminine tie mano feminine hand vestido masculine dress agua masculine water -- You will notice that the gender of the noun has nothing to do with the thing itself. Dress, which you might guess would be feminine, isn’t- tie which you might think is masculine, isn’t. It has to do with the etymology of the word. (Etymology is where the word came from- what language it is originally descended from.)

10. Noun Gender In general, (there are many exceptions) if a noun ends in anything other than the letter “a” it is masculine. Usually if it ends in “a” it is feminine. Masculine Feminine lápiz - pencil mesa - table cuaderno - notebook mochila - backpack reloj - clock cara - face bolígrafo - pen pluma - pen

11. Noun Plurals • Most nouns in English change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es": • She had one truth: teaching. • Many people do not believe that truths are self-evident. • As they walked through the house, they were startled by an echo. • I like to shout into the Grand Canyon and listen to the echoes that return. • He tripped over a box left in the hallway. • Since we are moving, we will need many boxes.

12. One box Two boxes One ox Two oxes? – nope: oxen One goose Two geese One moose Two meese? – nope: moose

13. One mouse Two mice One house Two hice? Nope: houses One man Two men One pan Two pen? Nope: pans

14. One foot Two feet One boot Two beet? Nope: boots One tooth Two teeth One booth Two beeth? Nope: booths One knife? Two knifes? Nope: knives

15. Plurals in Spanish • Like English, most of the time you make a noun plural by adding “s” • mesas - tables • manos - hands • bolígrafos – pens • aguas - waters

16. Plurals in Spanish • Like English, there are exceptions.  • The main exception is just to remember if it ends in a consonant (anything other than a vowel: a,e,i,o,u) to add “es” • ratón - ratones • corazón – corazones • lápiz - lápices

17. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the nouns: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

18. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the nouns: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

19. Articles • An article is basically a way to determine which one or how many of a noun. • Please give me acookie. • Which cookie? “A cookie”… or any of them. • This can also mean one cookie. • Please give me thecookie. • Which cookie? “The cookie”… a specific one of them. • In English there are basically 3 articles: • A • An • The

20. Articles • Articles in Spanish are HUGELY important! • They actually tell you definitively if the noun is masculine or feminine. • The first 4 types to start are: • el – masculine singular • los – masculine plural • la – feminine singular • las – feminine plural

21. So here are some nouns in Spanish, try and add the correct article based on the last letter of the word. Remember, anything other than “a” on the end is usually masculine.  SINGULAR PLURAL papel el papel los papeles silla cuaderno carpeta regla sombrero zapato camisa • el – masculine singular • los – masculine plural • la – feminine singular • las – feminine plural

22. So here are some nouns in Spanish, try and add the correct article based on the last letter of the word. Remember, anything other than “a” on the end is usually masculine.  SINGULAR PLURAL papel elpapel los papeles silla la silla las sillas cuaderno el cuaderno los cuadernos carpeta la carpeta las carpetas regla laregla las reglas sombrero el sombrero los sombreros zapato el zapato los zapatos camisa la camisa lascamisas • el – masculine singular • los – masculine plural • la – feminine singular • las – feminine plural

23. Articles Articles help you when words don’t follow the rules! la mano - the hand la foto - the photo el día - the day el agua - the water

24. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the articles: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

25. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the articles: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, aknife, and our lives. 

26. Pronouns • Pronouns simply take the place of a noun. • They can be used to avoid repetition where the specific noun has already been stated. • Verónica likes to sing. She is really good at it! She was at Karaoke the other night and she sang my favorite song! • OR • Verónica likes to sing. Verónica is really good at it. Verónica was at Karaoke the other night and Verónica sang my favorite song.

27. Pronouns • Personal Pronouns in English are pretty simple: • SINGULAR PLURAL • I1st personwe • you2nd personyou • he / she3rd personthey

28. Pronouns • Personal Pronouns in Spanish are similar: • SINGULAR PLURAL • yo(I) 1st personnosotros(we) • tú (you)2nd personvosotros(you- Spain) • él(he) /ella(she)3rd personellos/as(they)

29. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the pronouns: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, aknife, and our lives. 

30. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the pronouns: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from hispoint of view... Until you climb inside of hisskin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was ourneighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, aknife, and ourlives. 

31. Verbs • The verb is a very important part of the sentence because it says something about the subject and expresses actions, events or a state of being regarding the subject. • The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence. • The predicate is pretty much the entire sentence after you locate the subject. • On the next slide, try and locate the verbs and compound verbs.

32. Dracula bites his victims on the neck. Frankenstein was a monster. Education can be fun! She had been to Europe with her Spanish class.

33. Dracula bites his victims on the neck. Frankenstein was a monster. Education can be fun! She had been to Europe with her Spanish class.

34. Infinitives • The most basic form of a verb is an infinitive – usually the first entry in a dictionary. It hasn’t been conjugated, in other words, you don’t know who the subject is yet. • Examples: to be, to do, to run, to walk, to think, to describe, to talk, etc. • In English, infinitives are usually proceeded by the word “to” indicating that no subject has been chosen. • When you conjugate a verb, you have chosen a subject and change the verb from (for example) to be into I am, she is, they are, etc.

35. Conjugation of verbs • Examples: • Dracula to bite his victims on the neck. – wrong  • Dracula bites his victims on the neck. - CORRECT So, if you wouldn’t say, “Dracula to bite his victims on the neck.” then why the change to “bites”? • Because, when you conjugate a verb, you change the verb to match the subject that it refers to. It kinda makes sense when you think about it. If the verb tells you what the subject is doing, they have to agree with each other. • Example: • She are very smart.  • She is very smart. 

36. Conjugation of verbs • Some bad examples: • I is very smart. • You is a good friend. • He am a nice guy. • She are in my class. • We is doing okay now. • They is annoying. • On a piece of paper, fix the verb in these sentences. 

37. Conjugation of verbs • Fixed examples: • I am very smart. • You are a good friend. • He is a nice guy. • She is in my class. • We are doing okay now. • They are annoying.

38. Infinitives in Spanish • The infinitives also are easy to spot and there are only 3 TYPES! Instead of “to” in the front, they ALL end in either: • AR • ER • IR • Examples: Hablar – to talk/to speak Comer - to eat Escribir – to write

39. Verbs in Spanish • Just like in English, they have to agree with the subject. • Unlike English, when you conjugate them, there is actually a common rule for each type of verb. • For example, to conjugate the verb “hablar” (to talk/speak) you take off the last 2 letters leaving the “stem” of the verb- the verb doesn’t “flower” until you conjugate it!  • After you are left with the stem , add the endings in this order: • yo habl o nosotros habl amos • tú habl as vosotros habl áis • él/ella habl a ellos/as habl an

40. Conjugating So for all regular –ar verbs, you can conjugate any of them! Just follow these steps: • Remove the last 2 letters of the infinitive to get the stem • Decide who is the subject (I, you, he, we, the class, Miss Bernard, etc.) • Add the ending for that person: SINGULAR PLURAL O 1st person AMOS AS 2nd person ÁIS A 3rd person AN

41. Conjugating

42. ¡Intentalo! • Try it with this verb: Cantar (to sing) – stem: cant SINGULAR PLURAL yocant ___ nosotroscant ____ túcant ___ vostoroscant ____ él/ellacant ____ ellos/ascant ____

43. Vamos a ver… • Lets see how you did with this verb: Cant-AR (to sing) yocantonosotroscantamos túcantas vostoroscantáis él/ellacantaellos/ascantan Nice job making the verb flower…

44. Verbs in Spanish • Just like in English, verbs have to agree with the subject. • Unlike English, the ending of the conjugated verb will actually tell you who is speaking! (how cool!) • To see what I mean, look at the next slide in English:

45. SINGULAR PLURAL Italk1st personwetalk youtalk 2nd person youtalk he/shetalks3rd persontheytalk - So if you take away the pronoun, can you tell who is the subject? NO. Talk every day. (Sounds like a command, right?) I might have meant that WE talk every day or that I talk every day. See what I mean? 

46. SINGULAR PLURAL yohablonosotroshablamos túhablasvosotroshabláis élhabla /ellahablaelloshablan In Spanish, many times (not always) the pronoun is optional. ¡Hablas mucho! (You talk a lot!) ¡Túhablas mucho! (You talk a lot!) They mean exactly the same thing. You can add the pronoun for emphasis, but either way, it’s understood from the ending (as) that “YOU” or “tú”is the subject – no one else could be. You can’t say “Yohablas” – it is kind of like saying I speaks.

47. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the verbs: If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from hispoint of view... Until you climb inside of hisskin and walk around in it.  Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo was ourneighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, aknife, and ourlives. 

48. ¡Intentalo! In the following sentences, underline the verbs: If you just learna single trick, Scout, you'llget along a lot better with all kindsoffolks. You never really understanda person until youconsiderthings from hispoint of view... Until youclimb inside of hisskin and walk around in it.  Neighborsbringfood with death, and flowers with sickness, and little things in between. Boo wasourneighbor. Hegaveus two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, aknife, and ourlives. 

49. Adjectives • An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. • In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives: • The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops. • Mrs. Morrison papered herkitchen walls with hideous wall paper. • The small boat foundered on the dark sea. • The coalmines are dark and dank. • Many stores have already begun to play irritatingChristmasmusic. • A batteredmusic box sat on the mahogany sideboard. • The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.

50. Adjectives • As you can tell from the previous examples, adjectives are not always words like big, red, curly, tall, dark, small, etc. They can come from nouns that are used to modify other nouns, like kitchen walls. What kind of walls? kitchenwalls. By itself, kitchen is normally a noun, but combined with another noun, it becomes the modifier and an adjective. 