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ZOUAVE UNITS IN THE UNION ARMY 1861 - 1865

ZOUAVE UNITS IN THE UNION ARMY 1861 - 1865. “…idea of a beau soldier…” CPT George B. McClellan 1858. Origins of the Zouaves. Warriors of the Zouaoua tribe from Algeria and Morocco Traditional source of soldiers for the Ottoman Empire before 1830 Joined with the French Army in 1830

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ZOUAVE UNITS IN THE UNION ARMY 1861 - 1865

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  1. ZOUAVE UNITS IN THE UNION ARMY 1861 - 1865 “…idea of a beau soldier…” CPT George B. McClellan 1858

  2. Origins of the Zouaves • Warriors of the Zouaoua tribe from Algeria and Morocco • Traditional source of soldiers for the Ottoman Empire before 1830 • Joined with the French Army in 1830 • Uniform of short jacket, vest, baggy trousers, 12 foot sash, leggings, greaves, fez or turban

  3. French Zouaves • 1852 – Emperor Napoleon III created three French Zouave regiments • Recruited only native Frenchmen • Algerians/Moroccans formed into units known as Tirailleurs Algeriens • Known as “Turcos”, they distinguished themselves in light blue Zouave uniforms

  4. “Turco” Zouave

  5. French Zouaves in the Crimean War • 20 Sep 1854: Battle of Alma • Captured Russian artillery after scaling a steep ridge • 5 Nov 1854 – Battle at Inkermann • Heavy losses repelling Russians • 7 Jun 1855 – Siege of Sebastopol • 500 fell taking Russian earthworks • 8 Sep 1855 – Battle of Malakoff • Marshal MacMahon led 1st Zouaves that captured the Russian position

  6. French Zouaves in War • French Zouaves gained fame with the bayonet • Reputation equaled the Highlanders of the British Army • Fought against the Austrians in 1859 in the Italian campaign • Gained a reputation in the “Mexican Adventure” in the late 1860s

  7. Imperial French Zouaves • 1855 – Napoleon created an Imperial Guard from best of the other three • 1st Regiment – Red Tombeau (False Pocket) • 2nd Regiment – White Tombeau • 3rd Regiment – Blue Tombeau • Imperial Guard - Yellow Tombeau

  8. Emperor Napoleon III’s Imperial Guard

  9. 1837 – Appointed 2LT in the 1st US Dragoons 1839 – 1LT assigned to French Cavalry School 1840- Fought with French Chasseurs d’Afrique in Algiers 1840 – 1846 – Aide-de-Camp to Generals-in-Chief, US Army Alexander Macomb and Winfield Scott 1846 – 1848 Served in the Mexican war Lost his left arm Brigadier General Philip Kearny

  10. Brigadier General Philip Kearny • 1859 - Served in Napoleon III’s Imperial Guard • Fought at Solferino, Italy • Decorated with the French Legion of Honor • Returned at the outbreak of Civil War • Appointed a BG of NJ Volunteers • 1 Sep 1862 - KIA at 2nd Bull Run • FT Phil Kearny on the Bozeman Trail, Banner WY

  11. Captain George B. McClellan • Assigned to be an observer during the Crimean War • Recognized the French Zouaves as fierce and elite troops • Encouraged the acceptance of French military uniforms and customs • Other French influences were the Kepi (cap) and the Minié ball

  12. Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth • Fascinated by the 7th NY State Militia • Law clerk of Abraham Lincoln in Chicago • Self taught military officer • Become a COL in the Chicago NG Cadets • Formed the United States Zouave Cadets • Issued four sets of uniforms • Nationally known as the best drill team in the United States

  13. Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth • Strict moral discipline on his Zouaves • No alcohol • No gambling • No billiards • No acts “unbecoming to a gentleman” • No French Zouave would have joined!

  14. COL Ellsworth and the U.S. Zouave Cadets

  15. Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth • Challenged any regular or militia unit within the US and Canada • Personally financed an 1860 tour of 19 Northern East Coast cities • Performed for President James Buchanan • Outstanding drill unit became the standard for all militia units • Ellsworth’s portrait also stirred women!

  16. United States Zouaves Chicago newspapers reported: “A Zouave is a fellow who can climb a greased pole feet first, carrying a barrel of pork in his teeth – that is a Zouave!” “A fellow who can take a five shooting revolver in each hand and knock the spots out of the ten of diamonds at 80 paces, turning somersaults all the time and firing every shot in the air – that is a Zouave!”

  17. Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth • Disbanded the U.S. Zouave Cadets due to lack of funds • Joined the law firm of Lincoln • Campaigned for him in 1860 • Lobbied for the position of Chief, National Militia Bureau • Received an appointment as a 2LT in the Army in 1861

  18. Ellsworth’s Fire Zouaves • Resigned and returned to New York to raise the first Zouave unit • Ellsworth stated • “I want the New York firemen for there are no more effective men in the country and none with whom I can do so much.” • Irish firemen volunteered in large numbers • However, 9th New York, Hawkin’s Zouaves, first unit formed 23 Apr 1861

  19. Ellsworth’s Fire Zouaves

  20. Ellsworth’s Fire Zouaves • 29 Apr 1861 - 11th New York Volunteer Infantry • Boarded steamer Baltic for Washington in May 1861 • 7 May 1861 - Regiment was housed inside the unfinished House of Representatives • Using ropes, many swung from the top of the unfinished Capitol rotunda

  21. Ellsworth’s Fire Zouaves • “Purchased” food, drink and boots and charged all to President Lincoln! • Stole a fire engine and paraded it around Washington City! • Burned an effigy of Jefferson Davis and started a fire! • Ellsworth was furious about their misbehavior!

  22. Willard’s Hotel Zouaves redeemed themselves by putting out a fire near Willard’s Hotel

  23. COL Ellsworth’s Death • Led the 11th New York into Alexandria, VA on 24 May 1861 • Attempted to remove the Stars and Bars from the Marshall House Tavern • Ellsworth rushed into the Tavern and up the stairs to tear down the flag • The owner, James Jackson, shot Ellsworth as he walked down the stairs

  24. COL Ellsworth’s Death • Shotgun slug hit his Baltimore City Guard Fireman’s Badge • CPL Francis E. Brownell shot Jackson in the head and bayoneted him • Jackson became a Southern martyr • Brownell received a commission as a 2LT • 26 Jan 1877 – Received the Medal of Honor for killing Jackson

  25. COL Elmer E. Ellsworth’s Death1st Union Zouave officer killed in the war

  26. CPL (2LT) Francis E. Brownell

  27. CA: 8 units CT: None DC: 1 unit DE: 1 unit IA: 2 units IL: 11 units IN: 20 units KS: 2 units MA: 11 units ME: 2 units MI: 8 units MN: 1 unit MO: 6 units NE: 1 unit NH: None NJ: 9 units NY: 43 units OH: 8 units OR: None PA: 43 units RI: 1 unit VT: 1 unit WI: 8 units Union Zouave Units by State

  28. 21 Jul 1861 – 11th NYVI ordered to support Union artillery with US Marines Confederate volleys panicked the 11th & Marines Some Zouaves held their ground WIA but died 14 Aug 1861 COL Noah Farnham

  29. Aftermath of 11th NYVI • Alexandria became longest occupied territory of the war • HQS for US Military Railroad and one of the largest US Military Hospitals • Discarded their “gaudy” uniforms for Union blue • Mustered out in July 1861 • 2nd Fire Zouaves & Brooklyn Fire Zouaves became the 73rd NYVI

  30. Colonel Abram Duryeé • Wealthy New York City mahogany merchant • Former commander of the 7th New York National Guard • Organized the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry after Fort Sumter • Manhattan’s educated elite with numerous Englishmen • Physically fit and many were over 6 feet tall • Students, businessmen and veterans of European wars

  31. COL ABRAM DURYEÉ

  32. 5th New York Volunteer Infantry 5th New York officers and visiting guests enjoyed a champagne brunch provided by New York lawyer George Templeton Strong (seated, second from left).

  33. 5th NYVI, Duryeé’s Zouaves • Former 7th NY or West Point graduates • LTC Gouvenour K. Warren and CPT Judson Kilpatrick would later gain fame • Trained and shipped to the Virginia Peninsula • 10 Jun 1861 – Battle of Big Bethel, VA • Proved themselves by going into battle singing “Bingo” • COL Duryeé transferred and LTC Warren took over command

  34. 5th NYVI, Duryeé’s Zouaves • Jul 1861 – Garrison duty in Baltimore, MD • Mar 1862 – COL Warren given a brigade before the Peninsula Campaign • LTC Hiram Duryea new commander • 27 Jun – Attacked the 1st SC Rifles three times at Gaine’s Mill • While being relieved under fire, LTC Duryea formed the unit , counted-off and marched off • Confederates were very impressed but not intimidated

  35. LTC Hiram Duryea

  36. BG (Brevet) Hiram Duryea • Jul 1861 – Commissioned CPT in 5th NY Infantry • 27 Jun 62 – Led three attacks at Gaine’s Mill, VA • Oct 1862 – Promoted to COL but left the service due to wounds • 26 May 1866 – Commissioned a Brevet Brigadier General of Volunteers • 5 May 1914 – Shot seven times by his deranged son, Chester

  37. 5th New York Volunteer Infantry • “I doubt whether it had an equal and certainly no superior among all the regiments of the Army of the Potomac” GEN George Sykes • Considered the best drilled unit in the Federal Army • 1508 mustered / 211 KIA / 14% • 5 members obtained full general • 4 members obtained brevet general

  38. COL Rush C. Hawkins 4 May 1861 – Commander 19 Apr 1862 – WIA at Camden, NC 20 May 1863 – mustered out of service 13 Mar 1865 – Appointed BG (Brevet) 9th New York Volunteer InfantryHawkins’ Zouaves

  39. 9th NY Volunteer InfantryHawkins’ Zouaves

  40. 9th NYVI, Hawkins’ Zouaves • 23 Apr 1861 organized in NYC • 4 May 1861 mustered into Union Army • 1861 - Burnside’s Expedition in NC • 1862 – Antietam and Fredericksburg • 6 May 1863 – 3 year enlistees to 3rd NYVI • 20 May 1863 – term of service expired • Lost 4 officers and 92 enlisted

  41. 14th Brooklyn Volunteer InfantryBrooklyn Zouaves/Chasseurs • 1847 – Originally formed as the 14th NYSM • COL Alfred M. Wood • Became Mayor of Brooklyn, 1864-1865 • 18 May 1861 –Organized as the 14th Brooklyn Volunteer Infantry • COs A through I, with a CO of Sappers and Miners • Aug 1861 - Sappers & Miners mustered out

  42. 14th Brooklyn Volunteer InfantryBrooklyn Zouaves/Chasseurs • 25 May 1861 mustered into service • 1861 – 1862- 1st Bull Run • 1862 - Seven Days’ Battle, 2nd Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg • 1863 - Chancellorsville and Gettysburg • 1864 -Wilderness and Spotsylvania Courthouse • 6 Jun 1864 – Mustered out of service • Veterans & recruits transferred to 5th NY Veteran INF • Lost 8 officers and 223 enlisted

  43. 14th Brooklyn “Redlegs”

  44. 69th New York State MilitiaIrish Brigade • Organized by COL Michael Cochran • Replaced the troop of cavalry with a new Company “K” known as “Irish Zouaves” • Uniform consisted of short Zouave jacket, vest and green sash • 21 Jul 1861 - COL Cochran captured and spent more than a year as a POW

  45. Thomas Francis Meagher (Mar) Born 18 Aug 1828 in Waterford, Ireland

  46. Thomas Francis Meagher • 1848 - Failed revolt by the Young Ireland Party • Captured with seven other Irish revolutionaries • Sentenced • “to be drawn on a hurdle to the place of execution on the 13th and there hanged until he be dead, his head then to be cut off and his body to be cut into 4 quarters, then disposed of as her majesty shall think fit." • World opinion condemned the executions • Queen Victoria commuted their sentences to the Penal Colony in Australia

  47. Thomas Francis Meagher • 1874 – Sir Charles Duffy was elected the Premier of the Colony of Victoria • The Queen was informed that Duffy had been a political prisoner 25 years before • She then inquired about all prisoners, to include the eight Irish revolutionaries • Here is the report she received…

  48. Condemned Irish Revolutionaries • Thomas Francis Meagher BG, U S Army, MT Territorial Governor • Terrence McManus BG, U S Army  • Patrick Donahue BG, US Army  • Richard O'Gorman Governor General, Newfoundland • Morris Lyene Attorney General of Australia • Michael Ireland Succeeded Morris Lyene   • Thomas D'Arcy McGee Member of Parliament, Montreal Minister of Agriculture • John Mitchell New York politician; Father of  John P. Mitchell, Mayor, NYC, 1917

  49. Thomas Francis Meagher • 1852 - Escaped from Tasmania • 1853 – Arrived in San Francisco • 1854 – Arrived in New York • 1856 - Became a journalist and published the Irish News in NYC • 1861 – Raised a company of Zouaves for the Irish Brigade

  50. CPT Meagher withCO K 69th New York Irish Brigade

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