The Civil War 1861-1865

1. The Civil War1861-1865 AP U.S. History

2. Fort Sumter, SC • Center of secessionist country was a symbolic Union hold. • Lincoln carefully plans to send supplies and notifies Gov. of SC. • Davis is decisive and demands surrender. • Union ships attempt to bring supplies and are fired upon. • Fort Sumter surrenders April 14, 1861.

3. Comparison of North & South North • Population advantage (3.5M southerners are slaves). • Industrial capacity 9x’s the South. • Produce 97% of firearms. • 71% of RR mileage. • 94% of cloth, & 90% of footwear. Graph from www.pbs.org

4. Comparative Resources, North and South, 1861

5. Comparison of North & South (Cont.) South • Defensive war. • Unites almost all white citizens because they are protecting their homes & community. • Military leadership (Lee). • Economic: Slaves keep on working while white men fight. • British & French need for cotton would bring recognition of Confederacy worldwide.

6. South Easily raises army of 100K. Elated by quick victory at Sumter. North Easily raises army of 75K. Free African Americans turned away. Shocked by Sumter. Mobilization

7. Border States • Control access to the MS River, access to the west, OH River & main RR links. • If MD goes, Washington DC would be completely surrounded by Confederate states. • MD is divided. Troops and sympathizers get into an altercation. Troops kill 12 people. • Retaliation: Burn RR bridges to DC and cut telegraph lines. • Lincoln declares martial law in MD. Suspends writ of habeas corpus. • Supreme Court says this is unconstitutional. Lincoln believes suspension of certain liberties during wartime may be necessary. • Arrests ringleaders & holds without trial. • Detains 32 sympathizers and secessionists legislators. • MD stays with Union.

8. Border States (Cont.) • MO divided. • KY trades illegally throughout war with TN and Confederacy (Lincoln ignores). • DE is loyal. Less than 2% of population are slaves. • MD, DE, KY & MO could have added to the Confederacy: • 45% to the white population. • 80% of its manufacturing capacity. • The fact that they stayed and maintained their slaves counters the Confederate argument and reason for secession.

9. First Battle of Bull Run • Shatters the enthusiasm of North and brings reality of war. • Union: 35K men followed by journalists, politicians & spectators. • Confederate: 25K commanded by PT Beauregard. • 2300 fresh troops arrive for south and untrained north retreats past spectators. • South believes war will be over quickly.

10. Lincoln: Party Leader & War Chief • Cabinet: Republican. • Mixture of Radical Republican, moderate Free-Soilers, abolitionists, & former Whigs. • Call up state militias, naval blockade South, expand military budget without congress. • Hold border states. • Does not allow the freeing of slaves in border states which had been issued by J.C. Fremont in MO (1861). • First President to act as Commander in Chief.

11. Comparative Transportation Systems, 1860 (North)

12. Comparative Transportation Systems, 1860 (South)

13. Comparative Transportation Systems, 1860

14. Northern Effort War Department • Greatest expansion of government power. • Feed & cloth 700K soldiers. • Volunteer groups help mobilize effort. Money • U.S. borrows $2.6B for war effort. • Sell war bonds to citizens ($400M). • Sales tax & 1st Federal Income Tax of 3% (Anyone under $800 is exempt). • Legal Tender Act of 1862: national currency “greenback”. • 1863 National Bank Act: State banks cannot issue own notes.

15. Northern Economy • Morrill Tariff Act (1861): Double prewar rate. • Congress create Union Pacific RR Corp. to track west from Omaha & Central Pacific to track California eastward. • Homestead Act: 160 acres, 5 years with improvements. • Morrill Land Grant Act: Public land to states to finance colleges for practical skills. • Updated version of the American System increasing the role of government in public life.

16. Northern Diplomacy • Sec. of State: William Seward’s job is to make sure France & Britain to not recognize Confederacy. • Ensure failure of “Cotton Diplomacy”. • Need serious victories (Vicksburg & Gettysburg) to ensure diplomatic victory. • British: Detest slavery. Use India and Egypt for cotton. • Build ships for south but stop in 1863 when North threatens war. • French invade Mexico in 1863 install Emperor Maximilian (violating Monroe Doctrine). • Withdraw in 1866.

17. Jefferson Davis & the Confederacy • C.S.A. based upon strong states rights. • Jefferson: Sec. of War (Pierce), & former military man. • Cotton nabob: New rich class. • Lacks persuasiveness & political savvy. • Cannot unify nation. • Becomes an autonomous decision maker and loses support of wealthy after 2 years.

18. Southern Woes • Cotton Diplomacy fails. • Cannot raise money from states. • 9,000% (1865) inflation due to printing money. • 1862: First Draft in U.S. history passed by Confederacy. • 18-35 years old serve 3 years. • May purchase a substitute but amount is not controlled. Escalates to $10,000. • Exemption: 1 white man on each plantation with 20 or more slaves. • “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.” • 1863: Union passes draft law.

19. Lincoln’s General McClellan Seven Days Battle • General George B. McClellan, “Little Mac.” • 120K troops in the peninsular campaign. • Objective to capture Richmond (C.S.A. capital). • Cautious to a fault, hopes numbers will intimidate South to surrender. • Robert E. Lee consistently counter attacks. • Battles Union back and gets close to DC. • VA war will stalemate after Antietam.

20. Major Battles in the West, 1862–1863

21. War in the South & West General Grant • Battle of Shiloh in TN. • Two days of battle Confederates retreat. • North lost: 13,000 & South: 11,000. Civilians murdered in western states. • Indians fight for Confederacy. • Sioux war with white settlers MN. • Goal is to cut south in half.

22. The War in the Trans-Mississippi West

23. Major Battles in the East, 1861–1862

24. Northern Strategy • Anaconda Plan • Naval Blockade will strangle South. • Seize exposed coastal areas.

25. Overall Strategies of the Civil War

26. Slave Response • Capture of SC ports enable 10k slaves to join Union. • Escaped slaves become “contraband”. • Encourages runaways. • Put to work building fortifications.

27. Emancipation • Lincoln: The war is not about slavery, it is about the Union. • Before war, abolitionists are in the minority. • Fear of freed slaves taking jobs. • Free-Soilers are anti-slave and anti-black. • Only the very radical are for equality. • 1862: Lincoln encourages every state to take on gradual, compensated emancipation. • Settle slaves in Panama or Haiti. • Proposal fails.

28. Emancipation (Cont.) • After victory at Antietam (1862), warns southern states to return to union or in 1863 their slaves are declared “forever free.” • 1/1/63 issues Emancipation Proclamation. • Slaves in rebellious states are free, but not those in border states or former Confederate areas under Union control. • Confusing to free slaves in areas not under control and keep slaves within control. • Encouraged by E.C. Stanton & S.B. Anthony, Republicans quickly add 13th Amendment to Constitution.

29. Black Army • Lincoln supports black troops. • Fifth MA Calvary, 100% black with white officers. • Most famous, Fifty-fourth MA Infantry. Half killed in attack on Fort Wagner in SC. • 200K black males serve for Union. • Pay $10/month vs. $13 for white. • 54th refused pay until it was equal (1864). • Their efforts help fight racism and gain equality in North & West. • MA first to make discrimination in public places illegal. CA, OH & IL follow.

30. Battle Deaths 1 in 4 soldiers die. • Technology: Modern rifles have greater range and accuracy. • Medical ignorance: Gangrene, small pox, pneumonia & dysentery. • Disease killed 2x’s as many men as battle. Nurses • 3k women in North worked as nurses. • Best Known: Clara Barton who founded American Red Cross (1881). • Southern women create first roadside hospitals. Graphs from www.pbs.org

31. Soldier Life • Poor supply. No tents, uniforms, shoes, ammunition or food. • Carry road pack of 50 lbs. • Most had romantic idea of war from Revolution or Mexican-American War.

32. Politics • Democrats split • They had received 44% of Northern vote in 1860. • Peace Democrats (Copperheads) or War Democrats. • Against abolition & “King Abraham.” • Appeal to western farmers hurt by the tariffs. • Lincoln makes all who discourage military enlistments are subject to martial law. • Jails 13,000 including head of Copperheads.

33. Northern Economy • Textile mills suffer because of a lack of cotton. • Boot making, shipbuilding, manufacture of blankets & uniforms boomed. • Industrial: Iron for RR’s, coal, & agriculture (in turn boosting manufacture of farming equipment). • McCormick brothers invent and sell the reaper. • Women farm as men fight for the war. • War brings inflation (80%). • Wages rise ½ as much as products. • Workers join unions and strike. • Strikebreakers were usually women, African Americans and immigrants.

34. Conscription • Substitute was $300. • Immigrants make up 20% of Union soldiers. • 7% of men drafted serve in army. • 25% hired a substitute • 45% exempted for health reasons. • 20-25% do not report.

35. Northern Violence • 1863 NYC riots. • U.S. Army must be called in. • Angry over: • Draft. • Racial prejudice. • Contrast between poor and wealthy.

36. Turning Point – Summer, 1863 • General Lee wins Chancellorsville, VA but loses 20% of men. • Also loses “Stonewall” Jackson. • Hoping for another victory to gain recognition by Britain & France, Lee heads into northern territory (Gettysburg). • Pickett's Charge during Gettysburg symbolized valor and disaster for South. • Lee loses 28K at Gettysburg. • Total deaths over 50K. • Gettysburg and Vicksburg dissuade Europe from acknowledging the Confederacy.

37. Grant • Appointed head of Union forces in March, 1864. • Westerner, drinking problem and overall rough individual. • Devises plan of strangulation for South. • Aim to destroy south hoping they will surrender instead of face destruction. • Destroy any supplies or resources. • Encourages enlistment of slaves. • He will fight Lee in north and sends Sherman to TN and on to Atlanta.

38. Sherman’s Campaign in Georgia, 1864

39. William Tecumseh Sherman • Exemplifies “total war” strategy. • Captures Atlanta Sept., 1864. • Destroys everything in his 285 mile path on his march to the sea. • Issues Special Field Order 15, 1865: Set aside 400K acres of Confederate land to be given to freed slaves in 40-acre parcels.

40. Election of 1864 • Lincoln’s presidency rises and falls with military success and loses. • Radical Republicans think he is too soft on South. • Conservatives do not like the Emancipation Proclamation. • Democrats nominate the cautious General McClellan (war hero), proposed armistice. • Democrats play on racist fears of working class warning of racial mixing. • Sherman captures Atlanta right before election & Lincoln wins with 55% of vote. • 78% of soldiers voted for him & not their former commander. • Mandate for support for unconditional surrender.

41. Wars End-Spring 1865 • Grant uses Northern advantage of population to keep charging at Lee no matter what the body count. • South arms slaves (2 regiments). Slaves want freedom. • Does the south want slavery so bad they will grant slaves their freedom? • Starvation & inflation send Confederacy to negotiate peace (Hampton Roads Conference). • Lincoln will take nothing but unconditional surrender. • Offers gradual emancipation with compensation.

42. Appomattox • Lee is outnumbered 2 to 1. • Finally surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox court house. • The two men had fought together in Mex. American War. • Gentlemanly surrender. • Gave every man food, and whatever they had on them. • Officially ends on May 10, 1865.

43. Lincolns Death • April 14, 1865: Lincoln & wife go to Ford’s Theatre. • Shot at point blank range by John Wilkes Booth.