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Civil War 1861-1865

Civil War 1861-1865. What were the causes?. Slavery John Brown’s massacre Dred Scott’s life State’s rights Anger!!! Fear Abolitionist’s fight! Freedom. Secession Continued. 7 States left the Union by Feb 1861

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Civil War 1861-1865

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  1. Civil War 1861-1865

  2. What were the causes? • Slavery • John Brown’s massacre • Dred Scott’s life • State’s rights • Anger!!! • Fear • Abolitionist’s fight! • Freedom

  3. Secession Continued • 7 States left the Union by Feb 1861 • After Confederates bomb Fort Sumter (Union fort) 4 other states join the Confederacy Richmond, VA is capital

  4. Border States • States that allowed slavery stayed with the Union: • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware • (major supporters of slavery) • MO : controlled part of MS river (help get west) • KY: controlled Ohio River (travel) • MD: close to Confederate capital in Virginia. Union capital in Maryland! • Border Sts. Stay with Union, but some citizens join Southern army…

  5. North: Union • Leaders: • President: Abraham Lincoln • General in Chief of the Union Army andU.S. President: Ulysses Grant • Advantages: • More people, industry, ships • More efficient railway network

  6. South: Confederate • Leaders: • President: Jefferson Davis • War General: Robert E.Lee

  7. Strategies to Win! North: bring the Southern states back to the Union Blockade Southern ports to stop supplies getting in or out Wanted control of Mississippi River (cut supply lines, split Confederacy) Capture the Richmond, VA (capital of South) • South: become an independent nation – Confederate States of America • Defend its land, often took the offensive • Britain and France would help (because of cotton)

  8. Two Sides • Union army: • 187,000 soldiers • The Yankees • @ the end of the war: 2,100,000 soldiers (2x Rebels) Confederate army: 112,000 soldiers • The Rebels • @ the end of the war: 850,000 soldiers

  9. Bull Run / Manassas • Union: 30,000 inexperienced soldiers fight under Gen. Irvin McDowell (first attack) • Confederate: small army led by Gen. Beauregard • Yankees drive Confederates back, Confeds rally under Gen Thomas Jackson.

  10. Stonewall Jackson • Holds out like a ‘stonewall’ • He helps the Confederates drive out the Yankees • Union gets scared, drop their guns and run north. • Confederates were yelling upon the counterattack = the Rebel Yell!

  11. George McClellan • Comes to help the North by Lincoln’s request • Leads the Eastern army, called the Army of the Potomac

  12. Army of the Potomac

  13. War at Sea • Lincoln orders a naval blockade of Southern ports • South had 3,500 mile coastline…that was a difficult order from Lincoln • (prevents exporting cotton –stops $flow) • Monitor vs Merrimack • Southerners take the Merrimack from the Union, when S. seized the naval shipyard in Virginia

  14. Ironclad warships • South attacks the Union in March 1862 • Northern ships are wooden and sink

  15. Potomac River

  16. War in the West • After Bull Run in July 1861 war in the East settles into a stalemate • The North wants to control the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers. - to split the Confederacy • Union operates from Cairo, Illinois under Ulysses S. Grant

  17. Facts: Black Flag of the Civil War • Many adopted the black flag as a sign of "surrender or die!". • A Confederate officer named Quantrill used it during the American Civil War • Traditional symbol of anarchy • Anarchy - political and social disorder due to the absence of governmental control Pierre GustaveToutant Beauregard; Stonewall dies at Chancellorsville

  18. Ulysses S. Grant: Union officer • Successfully captures Confederate forts: • Fort Henry (Tennessee river) • Fort Donelson (Cumberland river) • @ F. Donelson the Confederate commander surrenders to Grant • Grant becomes a hero; Union is free to march into TN, MS, KY • These victories drive out the Confederates from Kentucky

  19. Battle of Shiloh • Gen. Grant and 40,000 troops go down the TN river to Corinth, MS. • 20 miles away was a church named Shiloh, Union Gen. Buell also joins Grant • Confed – Gen. Albert Johnston + P.G.T. Beauregard take offensive • Battle lasts 2 days – brutal fighting • Day 1: South drives Grant back • Day 2: North recovers and defeats South • Union had help from 25,000 troops shelling from the ships on the river • Total casualties: 20,000!; Johnston dies • North now controls Memphis, TN • They almost have the entire Mississippi river! • Battle pics

  20. New Orleans and Peninsular Campaign New Orleans David Farragut and his forces besiege New Orleans for 7 days. The Confederates eventually surrender and no men are killed. The Union controls most of the Mississippi River now. Peninsular Campaign General George McClellan attacks Rebel forces in the Seven Days’ Battles. Eventually the Northern forces win.

  21. Union Defeat at Richmond • McClellan, tries to capture Richmond by going around the peninsula of New York. • Lee takes 1,200 troops to drive out the Union. • Union did not capture Richmond.

  22. Gloom in the North • The North kept winning battles but still couldn’t take Richmond (the confederate capitol) • Lincoln called for 300,000 volunteers but not many came very fast • The North’s energy was being drained • Mclellan was being called back to Virginia to join major general John Pope • 2nd battle of Bull Run- when Stonewall Jackson joins Lee to attack Pope • Confederates won and Richmond wasn’t threatened anymore…

  23. Battle of Antietam – Union Victory • George McClellan and Robert E. Lee’s forces met at Maryland. McClellan drove Robert E. Lee’s forces back to Virginia . Both sides suffered enormous casualties. Lincoln ordered McClellan to go after lee’s army and destroy it but McClellan refused. Lincoln replaced McClellan in command with Gen. Burnsides.

  24. Ambrose Burnside • McClellan had fought and commanded the North in the Battle of Antietam • Lincoln didn’t like how McClellan refused his commands • Lincoln replaces McClellan for Burnside

  25. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville • South won! • South was entrenched • Northerners were running in the open field…getting shot at! • (South) surprise attack on the North – N. relaxing. • Southerners continue to attack @ night: this results in Jacks. death • Stonewall Jackson dies (S. leader)

  26. Gettysburg

  27. Battle of Gettysburg • Three-day battle • First two days Northerners are winning • Lee wants the war to end and Gen. George Pickett leads a charge, which causes South defeat!!!!!! • North Wins…

  28. Vicksburg!!!!!!! • North Wins!! • Ulysses S. Grant captured the city, South surrenders and North has control of the Mississippi River.

  29. Turning point in the War • Union victory at Gettysburg + Vicksburg • Secure the Mississippi River and force General E. Lee out of PA. • Southerners still wanted to win and were willing to fight.

  30. Ceremony @ Gettysburg Cemetery • November 19, 1863 • Scholar Edward Everett spoke for 2 hrs • President Lincoln spoke for 2mins.

  31. Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gettysburgaddress.htm

  32. William Tecumseh Sherman • Northern General, helps Grant win the battle of Chattanooga, TN • Helps the North to win the Civil War

  33. Grant’s Strong Drive! “Butcher” • Grant is the commander of the Union armies, he is the one finally good enough for Lincoln. “He fights.” • Grant has a plan to destroy the Confederacy: • Potomac army(North) will destroy Lee’s army (South) in Virginia • Sherman(North) will destroy the Deep South • May, June of 1864: Grant(North) and Lee’s(South) armies meet!!! Three battles near Richmond, VA - - many losses for North • Wilderness, 2. Spotsylvania Courthouse, 3. Cold Harbor • Petersburg = Grant attacks this railroad center, siege for 9months

  34. Election of 1864 • North: struggling to win – Abraham Lincoln doesn’t think he will win the Republican vote again. HE WINS A SECOND TERM. • South(Democrat): George McClellan…? a northerner? That’s weird! • he really didn’t want to be president, just wanted to change the northern strategies in the war.

  35. 1864 Union’s Final Successes • Control the Gulf of Mexico, b/c of David Farragut (north) • Sept. - Sherman captures Atlanta(south) • Sherman has a bold plan… • The “march to the sea”. (Savannah, Georgia) • Abandon supplies and cut a path of destruction 50 miles wide. TOTAL WAR http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDBJ_FW8ato&feature=player_embedded#!

  36. Downfall of the South • Fall and winter of 1864 Grant (north) continues the siege against Lee (south) • Winter brings sickness, hunger…weakens the south. • April 2, 1865 Confederate lines broke – Lee pulls troops back. • Capital Richmond falls – Rebels/southerners destroy their own capital so the Northerners don’t! • Lee surrenders to General Grant

  37. Surrender at Appomattox • April 9, 1865 Lee and his troops surrender to Grant – Appomattox Court House • Grant gave generous terms • South had to lay down arms • Men were free to go home • Keep horses • Three days worth of food for south • All of the south surrenders, Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia

  38. Results • 600,000 soldiers died • Billions of $ of damage – mostly in the South • Bitter feelings b/w North and South for generations. • War freed millions of African Americans

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