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Understanding Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structures and Functions

This overview explores the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, are among the oldest cellular organisms. In contrast, eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus and various organelles, are larger and more complex. Key organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and vacuoles are examined for their functions in cellular processes. Additionally, we discuss unique features of plant cells, including chloroplasts and cell walls.

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Understanding Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structures and Functions

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  1. CELLS • 2 TYPES • PROKARYOTIC • EUKARYOTIC • Pro= Before Karya= greek for Kernel or NUCLEUS • Prokaryotic = Before Nucleus –these cells have no nucleus • Eu= True, so- Eukaryotic= true nucleus- these cells have a nucleus

  2. PROKARYOTES • No Nucleus • No Membrane Bound Organelles • Very small- 1-10 um in size • First cellular organisms- 3.5 bya • EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEBACTERIA

  3. EUKARYOTES • True Nucleus • Have organelles • Larger than prokaryotes – 2-1000 um in size • Not as “old” – 1.5 bya • All other types of cells

  4. MITOCHONDRIA • Cellular Power Plants- produce energy (ATP) • Made of • 2 membranes • Cristae – folds in inner membrane (increase surface area) • Empty space= Matrix

  5. NUCLEUS • Contains DNA and RNA • Surrounded by double membrane- contains nuclear pores- allow communication with the cell • Contains the NUCLEOLUS- produces ribosomes

  6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)aka The Intracellular Highway • 2 Types- SMOOTH and ROUGH • ER is continuous w/ nuclear membrane • Smooth- synthesizes parts of membrane, lipids, steroids and ships ‘em out • Rough- (dotted with ribosomes)- Synthesize proteins and passes ‘em on to the GOLGI

  7. GOLGI APPARATUS • Membrane bound structure- flattened sacs • Packaging/Shipping Plant -packages proteins & different molecules in vesicles - transports to other parts of the cell or out

  8. RIBOSOMES • Protein factories- takes RNA from nucleus and makes proteins • Made of 2 subunits • Can be found floating in the cytosol, on the rough ER, or in mitochondria • If in Cytosol- make proteins for use in the cell • If in Rough ER- make proteins to be shipped out

  9. VACUOLES & LYSOSOMES • Vacuole- many kinds • cellular garbage can- holds cellular material and helps release waste • Storage tank • Contractile vacuole (in protists)=water pump • Lysosome- aid in digestion (Lyse- means to break down) • What happens to a tadpoles tail?

  10. CILIA and FLAGELLA • Both function in movement • Both composed of microtubules • Cilia= tiny hairs • Flagellum= cellular tail

  11. CENTRIOLES • Made of microtubules • Play a role in cell division • Help to move chromosomes into new cells

  12. CYTOSOL & CYTOSKELETON • Cytosol- Soupy like substance where all organelles are housed • Cytoskeleton- made of microtubules- maintains cell shape and helps in cell movement

  13. DIFFERENCES IN PLANT CELLS • 1. Chloroplast • 2. Cell Wall • 3. Vacuole

  14. CHLOROPLAST • Found only in plant cells • Where photosynthesis happens • Contain Chlorophyll • Made of 2 parts • Stroma- substance around grana • Grana (grain)- stacks of THYLAKOIDS- where photosynthesis goes down

  15. CELL WALL • Rigid layer of cellulose outside of the cell membrane • Provides 2 things: • PROTECTION • STRUCTURE (why don’t plants fall over?!)

  16. VACUOLE • Much larger in plant cells (1/2-2/3 of cell) • Stores water, sometimes pigments, and other nutrients • Also used for support and holding waste

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