Chapter 15: War Divides a Nation

1. Chapter 15: War Divides a Nation

2. Lesson 1: Early Stages of the War

3. Advantages and Disadvantages North Union – Fought to preserve the Union South Confederacy – Fought to preserve their way of life • Produced 90% of weapons, cloth, shoes, and iron • Produced half the countries corn and 80% of the wheat • Had more railroads, canals, and roads • Raised more money for the war. • Spent 2.6 billion on war • Had more rural ways of life so they were more familiar with weapons • Had a history of producing military leaders • Large number of Mexican War veterans came from the South • Spent 1 million on the war

4. Union’s Strategy • Winfield Scott, veteran of the Mexican War, planned a 3 part strategy. • 1st Blockade of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the Confederacy • 2nd Capture territory along the Mississippi River to cut the south in two. • 3rd Attack from the east and west. • Called the AnacondaPlan because it would squeeze the Confederacy like an anaconda.

5. Confederacy’s Plan • Planned to defend their territory until the North gave up. • Thought they would lose interest • Also thought they would get help from Great Britain because they need cotton. • Great Britain had a surplus of cotton • Let them build ships in their ship yard, but sent no soldiers.

6. First Battle of Bull Run • A lot of confusion because soldiers were inexperienced. • Union did well at first and the Confederate soldiers began to turn back. • The Confederate general told them to hold their place. That General was nicknamed “Stonewall” Jackson because he and his men stood like a stone wall against the Union. • Later more Confederate soldiers arrived and the Union retreated. • High casualties: Union- 3000 Confederate – 2000 • Stonewall Jackson went on to defeat the Union Army in Virginia and many thought he could take over Washington D.C.

7. Battle of Antietam in 1862 • Important victory for the Union. • After the Confederacy lost this battle Great Britain ended their support for the southern states.

8. Technolgy and the War • Rifles could shoot farther and more accurately • Railroads for transporting soldiers and supplies • Submarines • Hand-grenades • Ironclad – iron covered ship • Confederates made the first one called The Virginia • Union copies and made The Monitor These items caused more casualties, but medical advances hadn’t caught up with these technologies.

9. Robert E. Lee • He was a rising star in the U.S. Army • Lived in Virginia • When Virginia seceded he decided to fight with the Confederacy even though he opposed slavery. • “I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home.”

10. Lesson 2: Life During the War

11. Life for Soldiers • Soldiers’ letters and photo by photographers were the only way the public knew what was happening during the war. • Average age of a soldier was 25, drummers were as young as 12 • Food was bad for both sides • They were given beans, bacon, pickled beef and salt pork. • Would hunt when they could. • Sometimes raided local farms. • Life was hard even when they were not in battle • Might march 25 miles a day carrying 50 lbs of supplies • Got thirsty in summer and cold in winter • Confederate soldiers wore out their shoes and fought in their bare feet.

12. The Draft A draft required men of a certain age to serve in the military if they are called. Union Draft Confederate Draft • Union men could pay $300 to avoid fighting • Draft was needed on both sides because fewer people were volunteering the longer the war continued. • Confederate men could pay someone to take their place if they owned 20 or more slaves.

13. Losses • Revolutionary War - 10,600 • Civil War – 1 million • Disease was the most common cause of death. • Doctors didn’t know about germs and how to keep wounds from getting infected.

14. The Emancipation Proclamation • Emancipation means to set free • Proclamation means a statement • The Emancipation Proclamation was a statement that freed all the slave in the Confederate states at war with the Union. • Lincoln said, “I never in my life felt more certain that I was doing right.” • It didn’t end slavery in border states or in Confederate states that the Union already controlled. • Fredrick Douglass encouraged African Americans to assist the Union in war.

15. African Americans in the War • At the beginning of the war they were not allowed to join the army. • They did serve as cooks, servants, and other workers. • In 1862, they were allowed to join the Union Army • They were not treated the same as whites however. • Received less pay • Had to purchase their own uniform

16. 54th RegimentA regiment is a group of 600 – 1000 soldiers. • One of the first black regiments. • They led an attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina. • They bravely charged the fort. • Sergeant William Carney was seriously wounded yet he never dropped the regiment’s flag. He won the Congressional Medal of Honor. • They lost the battle, but their bravery changed the minds of many Northerners who doubted the abilities of the black soldiers. • Nearly 200,000 black soldier fought for the Union • 37,000 lost their lives. • In 1864 Congress voted to give black and white soldiers equal pay.

17. Women and the War • Women helped may was during the war • Worked in offices and became teacher • Ran farms and businesses • Protested the rise in food prices • Sewed clothing • Rolled bandages • Sold personal possessions • Sent any food they could spare to the armies

18. Belle Boyd • Nicknamed “La Belle Rebelle” • Famous Confederate spy • Was caught six time spying • Once communicated with a Confederate by hiding messages inside rubber balls and throwing them out of her cell window.

19. Clara Barton • “Angel of the Battlefield” • Cared for wounded soldiers • Organized the American Association of the Red Cross in 1881

20. Francis Clalin • Disguised herself as a man so that she could fight in the Union Army.

21. The War Goes On • By 1863 both sides were tired of the war. • They lacked supplies, pay was delayed, sleeping in the rain, and deaths of friends and family were taking their toll on the soldiers. • Soldiers were refusing to go to war and leaving their military duties on both sides.

22. Lesson 3: How the North Won

23. The Battle of Gettysburg • Fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • Farthest north the Confederate forces had advanced • Began on July 1, 1863 • Confederates pushed the Union back on the first day • More Union soldiers arrived on the second day and they held their ground. • On July 3rd more that 150 Confederate cannons fired at the Union and they fired back with their cannons. It could be heard 140 miles away. • General George Pickett’s Confederate troops charged into the open spaces toward the Union troops. This was called “Pickett’s Charge”. More that 5000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded. • Important victory for the Union because it stopped the Confederate advance and sent them back to Virginia • Casualties: Union – 23,000 Confederate – 28,000

24. Gettysburg Address • Gettysburg Battlefield was turned into a national cemetery to honor the men that died there. • President Lincoln gave a speech at the ceremony now called the Gettysburg Address • Said that a united nation and slavery were worth fighting for,

25. The Tide Turns • Gettysburg began a series of victories for the Union. • Union needed control of Vicksburg, MS to cut the Confederacy in two. • Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant blockaded the city and then began firing on the city by land and sea for 48 days. • On July 4, 1863, the day after the surrender of Gettysburg, the southerners surrendered Vicksburg. • The South was cut in half just as they planned.

26. The War Ends • General William Tecumseh Sherman marched his Union army toward Atlanta, GA and overtook the city on Sept. 2, 1864. • Sherman practiced total war(to destroy not just the opposing army, but the people’s will to fight)and destroyed the city of Atlanta. • In November, his army moved southeast to Savannah, GA destroying anything in their path. • Caused 100 million dollars worth of damage on Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • Savannah fell without a fight. • Sherman’s army joined Grant’s and they were closing in on Lee’s army in Virginia. • On April 3,1865 the captured Richmond, the Confederates capital. • Generals Grant and Lee met at Appomattox Court House in Virginia to discuss the terms of surrender on April 9, 1865.

27. Lesson 4: The End of Slavery

28. Lincoln’s Assassination • Abraham Lincoln was assassinated(the murder of a government or political leader)on April 14th, 1865 • John Wilkes Booth shot him. • A funeral train carried his body to his hometown in Springfield, IL.

29. Andrew Johnson • Vice President from Tennessee becomes President • Plans to carry out Lincoln’s reconstruction plan: • End slavery throughout the nation-Thirteenth Amendment • Readmit the former Confederate states • Allowed black codes • Complete by 1865

30. Reconstruction Under Congress • Congress passed the Reconstruction Act in 1867 • Gave African American men the right to vote • Confederate officers or leaders could not vote or hold office • Set up the Freedmen’s Bureau-helped the former slaves

31. African Americans hold Elected Office • In 1870, Hiram Revels was elected to the Senate seat in Mississippi. • In 1874, Blanche Bruce was also elected to the Senate.

32. Southerners Angered • Didn’t like the Northerners that were moving to the south (Carpetbaggers) • Didn’t like the changes that the Reconstruction brought. Southerners that supported Reconstruction were called scalawags. • Didn’t like the rights given to African Americans and some formed the Ku Klux Klan.

33. New Amendments • South must accept two new amendments to be readmitted. • The Fourteenth Amendment – Gave African Americans citizenship and said that laws must protect all citizens equally. • The Fifteenth Amendment – Gave all make citizens the right to vote. • Johnson fought the 14th Amendment and the Reconstruction laws • Congress wanted to impeach(remove from office)Johnson.

34. Reconstruction Ends • All former Confederate states were readmitted by 1870. • New laws were passed that took away rights of African Americans • Poll taxes to vote • Reading tests to vote • Jim Crow laws – separated African Americans and whites in public places

35. Sharecropping • Rented land from white landowners • Paid their rent with a portion of their crop. • Used the rest of their crop to pay for food, clothing and equipment. • Usually the costs were higher than the pay their received for their crops.

36. Reconstruction Successes Failures • Public school system was established. • Industries were expanded. • South remained the poorest section of the country. • African Americans lost their political power. • Blacks continued to perform the same labor as they did as slaves.