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The Civil War. Root Causes of the Civil War. Westward Expansion Economic Differences between North & South States’ Rights Slavery (rise of the abolition movement) Interpretation of the Constitution. Characteristics of North and South. Characteristics of North and South.
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Root Causes of the Civil War • Westward Expansion • Economic Differences between North & South • States’ Rights • Slavery (rise of the abolition movement) • Interpretation of the Constitution
The “Cornerstone” Speech By Vice President CSA: Alexander H. Stephens • Read the speech and answer the questions on the back. • When boiled down to its simplest form, what is the “Cornerstone” speech discussing.
Vocabulary Words • enumerating - to ascertain the number of • tedious - tiresome because of length or dullness • erroneous - containing or characterized by error • serfdom - a member of a servile feudal class bound to the soil and subject to the will of his lord • subordination - to make subject or subservient, or to treat as of less value or importance • substratum - a layer beneath the surface soil • evanescent - tending to vanish like vapor • rupture - open hostility or war between nations • denominate - to give a name to • fanatic - marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion
The Battles • Fort Sumter • Bull Run • Shiloh • Antietam • Gettysburg • Vicksburg • Monitor v. Merrimack • Sherman’s March to the Sea
Fort Sumter • Lincoln believed that a relief expedition was feasible and ordered merchant steamers, protected by ships of war, to carry “subsistence and other supplies” to Sumter. • Lincoln notified Governor Francis W. Pickens of South Carolina • Maj. Robert Anderson (Union) and 85-man garrison • Brig. Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard (Confederate) • one of Anderson’s artillery students at West Point • opening shots of the Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861 • no one on either side had been killed during the engagement (except for one horse) • Confederate Victory
Bull Run (Manassas) • July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia • First major land battle of the American Civil War • Irving McDowell (Union) • Joseph E. Johnston & P.G.T. Beauregard (Confederates) • Union casualties were 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 missing or captured; Confederate casualties were 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing • Confederate Victory
Shiloh • April 6–7, 1862 • Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell (Union) • Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard (Confederates) • Two day battle • Day 1: Confederate advantage • Union driven back, but not crushed • Buell’s reserves reach the front • Day 2: Union Victory • the costliest in U.S. history up to that time: 23,746 men (counting both sides) • Union casualties were 13,047 (1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, and 2,885 missing) • Confederate casualties were 10,699 (1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 missing or captured)
Antietam • September 17, 1862 • Major General George B. McClellan (Union) • General Robert E. Lee (Confederate) • It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties • The Union had 12,401 casualties with 2,108 dead. Confederate casualties were 10,318 with 1,546 dead. This represented 25% of the Federal force and 31% of the Confederate • Lee’s retreat to Virginia provided President Lincoln the opportunity he had been waiting for to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. • Now the war had a dual purpose of preserving the Union and ending slavery.
Gettysburg • July 1–3, 1863 • Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (Union) • General Robert E. Lee (Confederate) • largest number of casualties in the American Civil War • War’s turning point • suffered between 46,000 and 51,000 casualties • Union casualties were 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured or missing) • Confederate casualties 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured or missing) • Nearly 8,000 were killed outright; these bodies, lying in the hot summer sun, needed to be buried quickly. Over 3,000 horse carcasseswere burned in a series of piles south of town; townsfolk became violently ill from the stench
Vicksburg • May 19 and May 22, 1863 • Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (Union) • Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton (Confederate) • Union casualties for the battle and siege of Vicksburg were 4,835; Confederate were 32,697 (29,495 surrendered)
Monitor v. Merrimack • March 9, 1862 • Merrimack • Confederate ironclad carried more guns than the Monitor, but it was slow, clumsy, and prone to engine trouble • Monitor • Union ironclad was the faster and more maneuverable of the two, but it lacked the Rebel vessel’s brutish size and power • After four hours of fighting, neither ironclad seriously damaged the other in their one day of fighting. The Merrimack had prevented McClellan from using the James River, the best route to Richmond. The Monitor had prevented the Confederates hopes of breaking the Union blockade.
Sherman’s March to the Sea • Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 • Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman (Union) • The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December • Used Total War or Scorched Earth Policy • "defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war."
Lincoln’s Contested Legacy 1. Abraham Lincoln is often seen in a very positive light. Parke Godwin states that “through all his public function, there shone the fact that he was a wise and good man… [He was] our supremest leader—our safest counselor—our wisest friend—our dear father.” There were, however, some detractors. What would they argue as being some faults in Lincoln’s leadership? 2. Why does the Southern diarist Kate Stone believe that Lincoln had his assassination coming to him? *3. Discuss how Frederick Douglass’s opinion of President Lincoln change over time. (please continue to answer this question every time you come across Douglass in the excerpt) 4. “In August 1908, riots broke out in Lincoln’s hometown of Springfield, Illinois, after a white woman, Mabel Hallam, claimed she had been raped by a local black man, George Richardson.” How did the citizen’s of Springfield react to the news? What advocacy group sprung out of this terrible crime? 5. On page 36, there is a quote from the future Democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt. How does President Roosevelt feel about Lincoln? 6. Who was the first African-American to speak negatively about Lincoln? What did this person say? 7. What was the quote used by President Bush shortly after the September 11 terrorist attacks that was reminiscent of Lincoln’s words prior to the Civil War? 8. How has President Obama used Lincoln in his public life? (what does Obama believe Lincoln’s legacy is?) 9. How did the 1864 election help to give Lincoln a mandate for the 13th amendment to the Constitution? If you were in Lincoln’s shoes, would you have pushed as hard as he did to carry on with the elections that year?
The Closing of the War • November 1864: Jefferson Davis allowed enslaved African Americans to enlist (high desertion rates) • April 3, 1865: Grant and Sheridan take Richmond (burnt to the ground by retreating Confederates) • April 9, 1865: Lee leads troops into battle for the last time • Outnumbered and demoralized Lee surrenders • Appomattox Court House (afternoon April 9, 1865) • Terms of surrender: Confederates won’t be prosecuted for treason, permitted to keep horses, and 3 days rations given to the Confederate soldiers
Appomattox Court House “The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen again, and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations.” -General Ulysses S. Grant
The War’s Cost • 360,000 Union troops dead • 260,000 Confederates dead • 375,000 soldiers wounded • 1 in 3 Confederate troops killed • This doesn’t include deaths from imprisonment • Andersonville • Georgia • 13,000 out of 32,000 Union prisoners died
