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The Civil War

The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a pivotal conflict in U.S. history, ignited by the election of 1860 and the secession of southern states. The war began with the firing on Fort Sumter and led to key battles like Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg. The Union employed strategies such as the Anaconda Plan, while the Confederacy excelled in defensive battles. The war saw significant political and economic changes, including the Emancipation Proclamation, and ended with Lee's surrender at Appomattox. The consequences reshaped American society, governance, and warfare.

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The Civil War

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  1. The Civil War

  2. War Begins -Election of 1860 -Secession of lower states -Confederate States of America -Firing on Ft. Sumter -Virginia Secedes followed by Ark., NC, and Tenn. -11 States Leave Union

  3. War Begins -Election of 1860 -Secession of lower states -Confederate States of America -Firing on Ft. Sumter -Virginia Secedes followed by Ark., NC, and Tenn. -11 States Leave Union

  4. Modern War -Uses both old and new methods of war -Cavalry, Muzzle Rifles, Battlefield Formations -Railroads, telegraph, drafts, submarines, armored ships, observation balloons

  5. Strategy-Union -Constrictor (Anaconda) Plan developed by Winfield Scott -divide the south through the Mississippi and control access to its ports

  6. Strategy-Confederacy -defensive battle -European recognition

  7. Advantages-Union -most of the population -large advantages in resources -most of the transportation and industry

  8. Advantages-Confederacy -defending their homes -strong sectional pride -better military tradition and leadership

  9. Government Powers -both sides had to increase central government powers -raise an army -supply armies -finance the war -suppress any opposition -Copperheads

  10. Raising Armies -Northern Advantage -volunteers at first -drafts begin -riots -bounties paid -substitution possible -many volunteers

  11. Supplying Armies -Union Advantages -Industrial Capacity -Transportation Capabilities -Financial Centers Confederate Problems -Foraging the land -Shortages

  12. War Politics -War to Preserve Union -civil rights were restricted -habeas corpus suspended -Emancipation Debated Needed higher cause -Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863

  13. Others in the War -African Americans Segregated Forces 54th Massachusetts -Women Nursing Clara Barton

  14. Soldier’s Lives -disillusionment of war -filthy conditions -poor food -bad medical care -prison camps Andersonville

  15. Shots Fired -war begins at Fort Sumter, S.C., 1861 -Bull Run -July 1861 -Southern victory -did not pursue the retreating Union army -citizens watched the battle

  16. Shiloh -April 1862 -costly victory for Grant -demonstrated the cost of victory would be great

  17. Antietam -Sept. 1862 -bloodiest single day of the war -Union victory for McClellan

  18. Vicksburg -Nov. 1862 -Grant surrounds city on the Mississippi -try to split the south

  19. Confederate Victories -Confederates greatly outnumbered but Lee still wins -Dec. 1862 -Fredericksburg -May 1863 -Chancellorsville -Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson is killed

  20. Gettysburg -July 1863 -Lee invades North -Little Round Top -Cemetery Ridge -Pickett’s Charge -turning point of the war as Lee is defeated -Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln several months later

  21. South is Split -July 1863 -Grant captures Vicksburg after long seige -Grant is called to command Union armies

  22. Sherman’s March -1864 -”March to the Sea”: -Total War “War is Hell” -burning of Atlanta -destroy the will to fight

  23. Grant in Pursuit -1864 -Lee in retreat -Grant attacks repeatedly at great loss of life -Lincoln wants speedy end to war

  24. War’s End -April 1865 -Grant surrounds Lee outside Richmond -surrender at Appomattox

  25. Political Changes -Power of the Federal Gov’t is supreme -extension of federal powers -income taxes first used -citizens drafted into service -civil liberties suppressed

  26. Economic Changes -growth of war related industries -Northern industry grew stronger -southern economy is destroyed -must be rebuilt

  27. Costs of War -deaths 360,000 Union 260,000 Conf. -1/2 million wounded -about 20 billion $ 5 times the amount spent in 80 years

  28. Warfare Changes -new weapons rifles mini ball trench warfare grenades submarine iron-clad ships Monitor Merrimack

  29. Lives Change -13th Amendment bans slavery -soldiers return to their homes -urban population grows -many move west -many families destroyed by deaths of soldiers

  30. Lincoln’s Assassination -Lincoln’s Plan forgiving peace to restore the Union -At Ford’s Theatre just 5 days after the war’s end -John Wilkes Booth -First assassination of a President

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