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The American Civil War (1861-1865): Causes, Key Events, and Lasting Legacy

The American Civil War emerged from various causes, including the 1860 election, divisive tariffs, and economic disparities between the North and South. Key moments include the firing at Fort Sumter, significant battles like Antietam and Gettysburg, and Lincoln's critical decisions, including the Emancipation Proclamation. The war transformed American politics and society, leading to the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery. The conflict's legacy includes increased federal power and profound social changes, shaping the United States' future.

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The American Civil War (1861-1865): Causes, Key Events, and Lasting Legacy

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  1. The Civil War 1861-1865

  2. The Causes of the Civil War • The Election of 1860 • The Tariff of 1816 • Railroads and industry are only in the North

  3. The Beginnings of the War • Union still has a hold on Fort Sumpter in Charleston, SC • Lincoln’s dilemma • Confederates fire upon Sumpter in April 1861 • Davis’s dilemma

  4. More states leave the Union • Virginia • Arkansas • Tennessee • North Carolina • The case of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri

  5. Union vs. Confederacy

  6. Advantages @ Start of Civil War

  7. Military Strategies - Union Anaconda Plan 3 goals Naval Blockade Control Mississippi Take Richmond Why?

  8. Military Strategy - Confederacy • Best Offense is a Good Defense • Fighting for livelihood – Way of life • Homefield Advantage

  9. Leadership

  10. Early Battles • Bull Run, Virginia, July 1861 • Significance  1st major bloodshed • Shiloh, Tennessee, March 1862 • Significance  Scouts, Trenches • Monitor vs. Merrimack, March 1862 • Significance  End of wooden ship era

  11. Fight for the Capital Leads to… • Antietam, Maryland – September 1862 • Bloodiest single day in war • 26,000 casualties • Standoff (Tie) • Union had opportunity to end War but did not take advantage • Results…..?

  12. Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 • Day One • Day Two • Day Three • Aftermath

  13. Vicksburg, MsMay 18-July 4, 1863

  14. Politics and Life During the Civil War

  15. Trent Affair, 1861 • Attempt by the Confederacy to gain support from Britain and France

  16. Lincoln and Slavery • Disliked slavery,but felt the federal government should not have the power to ban it • His main goal was to protect the Union • The Emancipation Proclamation • How did Lincoln free slaves in the Confederacy? • Benefits? • Where did it apply? • Northern reactions? • Southern reactions?

  17. Dealing with Dissent • Habeas Corpus • What is it? • Who is arrested? • Conscription • What is it? • Opposition?

  18. Domestic Life during the War • Shortages in the south • Booming in the North

  19. Where are the slaves in the war? • Those left on the plantation • Those who joined to fight • Those trying to free themselves

  20. Medical Attention • United States Sanitary Commission • 1. • 2. • Hospitals

  21. End of the Civil War

  22. Confederacy Wears Down • Change in Military Strategy • Fight for armistice, instead of victory • Confederate Morale Dangerously Low! • Disunity • Jefferson Davis unable to govern effectively • Discord • Disagreement over whether or not to continue the fight • Desertions • Troops leaving to fight for the Union

  23. Total War • Union New Military Strategy • Attack military & civilian – WHY? • Grant & Sherman lead way • Grant vs. Lee in Virginia • Sherman in Georgia & Carolinas

  24. Union’s Occupancy

  25. Appomattox Court House, VA April 9, 1865 • Lee Surrenders to Grant • Remaining Confederate troops surrender within two months

  26. CIVIL WAR LEGACY

  27. Political Changes • Federal government’s power increases • Income Tax • personal income taxed to pay for government purposes • Draft • drafted to fight in war • Paper Currency • individuals must accept new paper currency

  28. Economic Changes • Big Divide • North benefited from war • Businesses thrived • South affected by total war • Lost labor, livestock, railroad, machinery • Southerners earned 40% of Northerners after war

  29. Civil War Destruction on Human Life: A Comparison

  30. Social Change • 13th Amendment – January 1865 • Outlawed slavery • 4 million African Americans freed – NOW WHAT? • Results • How does US introduce, or incorporate into society? • War Veterans • War is over, where to go? • Some stayed in Military, others headed west for new opportunities

  31. Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 • 5 days after Lee surrendered • John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln at Ford’s Theater, as Lincoln is watching a play. • Lincoln died the following morning • 1st time a president had been assassinated in US History • Booth killed during the attempted captured 12 days later

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