Vietnam

1. Vietnam

2. Small Group Activity – • Vietnam CSI

3. What To Expect During This Unit • Listen to a few tracks enjoyed by the “Grunts” • Dissect Plenty of Primary Sources • A lot of video and audio sources • Examine the Evolution of American Culture • Examine the Vietnam Experience • Plenty of Group Work

4. Do Now – Describe the term containment “Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear.”  ― Harry S. Truman

5. K-W-L TTYN Refer to notes packet What I Know About Vietnam What I Want to Learn About Vietnam What I Learned About Vietnam TTYN = Talk to your neighbor

6. Small Group Activity – • Read the following statement from Ho Chi Minh and answer the following questions: • Who was Ho Chi Minh? • When was this document written? • What is the overreaching message?

7. Letter to President Harry Truman, February 16, 1945 DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: “Our VIETNAM people, as early as 1941, stood by the Allies' side and fought against the Japanese and their associates, the French colonialists. From 1941 to 1945 we fought bitterly, sustained by the patriotism, of our fellow-countrymen and by the promises made by the Allies at YALTA, SAN FRANCISCO and POTSDAM…..But the French Colonialists…have come back, and are waging on us a murderous and pitiless war in order reestablish their domination….. This aggression is contrary to all principles of international law and the pledge made by the Allies during World War II…..It violently contrasts with the firm stand you have taken in your twelve point declaration…..The French aggression on a peace-loving people is a direct menace to world security….It is with this firm conviction that we request of the United Sates as guardians and champions of World Justice to take a decisive step in support of our independence….What we ask has been graciously granted to the Philippines. Like the Philippines our goal is full independence and full cooperation with the UNITED STATES. We will do our best to make this independence and cooperation profitable to the whole world.” Respectfully Yours, Ho Chi Minh

8. The Origins of the Vietnam War • TTYN:Why Vietnam? • The expulsion of the Japanese in 1945 led not to independence but a revival of French colonialism • Anticommunism rhetoric • A logical extension of Cold War policies and assumption

9. The Origins of the Vietnam War • U.S. funneled billions of dollars in aid to bolster French efforts • 1954, the U.S., refusing to send in troops and/or use a nuclear bomb in an effort to help the French, France was left with no alternative but to agree to Vietnamese Independence

10. The Origins of the Vietnam War • Victory for Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces • Geneva Peace Conference divides Vietnam into two districts, with elections in 1956 to unify the country • Ngo Dinh Diem – American puppet government

11. The Origins of the Vietnam War • 1960s, the U.S. was committed to the corrupt regime of Diem and the South Vietnamese • 1963, U.S. approves a military coup that led to Diem’s death • 1963, 17K American Advisors in S. Vietnam

12. The Key Personalities of the Vietnam Conflict John F. Kennedy, President of the United States January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Lyndon Baines Johnson, President of the United States, November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) 19 February 1951 – 2 September 1969 Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense of the United States January 21, 1961 – February 29, 1968

13. The Key Personalities of the Vietnam Conflict Walter Cronkite. anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–81).  “The Most Trusted Man in America” William Westmoreland, American Army General and commander of the US forces deployed in Vietnam between 1964 to 1968

14. You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours, but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win. --Ho Chi Minh to the French, late 1940s I must question the wisdom of involvement in Vietnam --JFK, 1963 We are not about to send American boys nine or ten thousand miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves. --Lyndon Johnson, Oct. 1964 This is not a jungle war, but a struggle for freedom on every front of human activity. --Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964

16. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident • August1964, N. Vietnamese vessels perhaps fired upon an American spy ship off its coast • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed • Authorizing the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” • Passed without any discussion of American goals and strategy in Vietnam • “I am not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” – LBJ

17. American Escalation • 1964 reelection campaign, Johnson insisted he had no intention of sending American troops into Vietnam • After reelection, U.S. begins airstrikes and introduce American troops in the south • 1966 – 380K troops • 1967 – 485K • End of 1968 – 540K (peak deployment)

18. American Escalation • America remains quiet • Prior to 1968; • Support 56% • Opposition 28% • “Hearts and Minds” “We must be ready to fight in Vietnam, but the ultimate victory will depend upon the hearts and the minds of the people who actually live out there.”  -LBJ

19. American Escalation • “Search and Destroy” missions • “Operation Rolling Thunder” 1965-1968 • Bombs, bombs, and more bombs – American planes dropped more tons of bombs on the small country of North and South Vietnam that both sides used in all of WWII • Spread chemicals • Napalm

20. American Escalation • TTYN:What does the following quote tell you about the resolve of the North Vietnamese? “You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours, but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win.” --Ho Chi Minh to the French, late 1940s

21. Escalation

22. The Vietcong: The Other Enemy • The People's Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF) • Created by the North Vietnamese communists to escalate the armed struggle in South Vietnam. • The VC were guerrillas, • They wore no uniforms, dressed in the same type of clothing as the local peasants, and blended into the landscape when their mission was complete. 

23. The Vietcong: The Other Enemy • The Viet Cong were supported and trained by the government of communist North Vietnam. • The Viet Cong tried to create a popular uprising in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War with their 1968 Tet Offensive, but were able to seize control of just a few small districts in the Mekong Delta region

24. K-W-L TTYN Refer to notes packet What I Know About Vietnam What I Want to Learn About Vietnam What I Have Learned So Far About Vietnam

25. The Tet Offensive • Refer to your notes packet

26. The Tet Offensive • Refer to your notes packet

27. The Tet Offensive – Turning Point?? • Summarizing the Tet • This military action was a major turning point in the way many Americans perceived the war. • On the morning of January 30, 1968, Communist forces in North Vietnam and Vietcong squads in the South took advantage of a truce during Tet (the Vietnamese new year holiday) to launch a massive offensive.

28. The Tet Offensive – Turning Point?? • Summarizing the Tet • Major cities and provinces were captured, and heavy fighting ensued. • Although turned back by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in a matter of days, the Communists nonetheless claimed a major political and psychological victory. • U.S. observers were stunned by the size and coordination of the Communist forces. • Declared over April 1, 1968

29. The Tet Offensive – Turning Point?? • Public opinion after the Tet Offensive • Support 41% • Opposition 42% • TTYN: Why did public support for Vietnam shift so dramatically?

30. Photo Journalism Eddie Adams's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo taken on the streets of Saigon during the Tet Offensive sent shock waves through America

31. Photo Journalism

32. Photo Journalism 1972 file photo, 9-year-old Kim Phuc, center, runs down Route 1 near Trang Bang, Vietnam after an aerial napalm attack.

33. Photo Journalism TTYN – How did the images below cause a seismic shift in the way Americans interpreted the war?

34. Cronkite Reports on Vietnam • Refer to your notes packet

35. The Mai Lai Massacre • On March 16, 1968 the angry and frustrated men of Charlie Company entered the Vietnamese village of My Lai • “This is what you've been waiting for -- search and destroy -- and you've got it," said their superior officers.

36. The Mai Lai Massacre • As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded, it soon degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. • Men were ordered to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire.

37. The Mai Lai Massacre • According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed. • According to reports, a group of the villagers were ordered into a ditch and were mowed down in a fury of machine gun fire.

38. McNamara Reflection • Refer to your notes packet

39. The Counter Culture • The Antiwar Movement • Casualties mount • Americans bombs rain down on Vietnam • Images and stories hit the front pages and the front porches • SNCC and SDS tip the scales (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Students for a Democratic Society) • MLK condemns the war and the Johnson Administration • By 1967, men were burning their draft cards or fleeing to Canada

40. The Counter Culture • Refer to your notes packet 1967, Antiwar demonstrator outside the Pentagon

41. The Counter Culture • October of 1967, 100K protestors assemble at Lincoln Memorial • By the late 1960s, millions of young people openly rejected the values and behaviors of their elders • For the first time in American history, flamboyant rejection of respectable norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use became the basis for a mass movement • Rallying cry was “Liberation”

42. The Counter Culture • What they were after • Emphasized the ideal of community • Independence from authority • The Free individual • 1967, The Summer of Love • “Give peace a chance”

43. The Weather Underground: The Weatherman • Splinter group of SNCC • the Weathermen were widely criticized for their use of violence as a means of social and political change. • Many accused the group of terrorism, while others accused it of giving all activists, both militant and more mainstream, a bad name. “ When you feel you have right on your side, you can do some pretty horrific things.” - Brian Flanagan, former Weatherman

44. The Weatherman • Refer to your notes packet

45. The Weatherman • The Weatherman believed that violent action was a necessary evil in a time of crisis, a last-ditch effort to grab the country’s attention. • The Results - a widespread revolt against the status quo: against previously upheld structures of racism, sexism and classism, against the violence of the Vietnam War and America’s interventions abroad.

46. Kent State • The Vietnam war heightened awareness and protest, which spread to college campuses • In May 1970, Kent State students protesting the bombing of Cambodia by United States military forces

47. Kent State • Clashed with Ohio National Guardsmen on the Kent State University campus. • Guardsmen shot and killed four students on May 4 • The Kent State Shootings became the focal point of a nation deeply divided by the Vietnam War.

48. Kent State • Refer to your notes packet

49. Kent State • TTYN:You Predict. What effect, if any, do you believe that the Kent St. shooting would have on America? • The shootings helped convince Americans that the anti-war protestors were not just hippies, drug addicts, or promoters of free • Rather than causing a decline in protests, the Kent State Shootings actually escalated protests. • Many colleges and universities across the United States cancelled classes and actually closed their doors for the remainder of the academic year in fear of violent protests erupting on their campuses.

50. Woodstock • 500,000 people from all over the U.S. traveled to Woodstock • Woodstock signaled the merger and ambivalence of the counterculture and protest. • The festival was billed as "three days of peace and love," in contrast to the war and hatred in Vietnam.