VIETNAM

1. VIETNAM 1969-1975

2. VIETNAMIZATION • Turn war over to South Vietnamese • U.S. gradually draws down forces in South Vietnam • South Vietnam expected to pick up more of the fighting.

3. TROOP BUILDUP – 1964-1973

4. Invasion of Cambodia Nixon: secret bombings on communist bases (Laos and Cambodia) 1970: Nixon orders “secret” invasion of Cambodia (wipe out communist sanctuaries)

5. Invasion of Cambodia (continued) • Renewed protests and anti-war movement

6. My Lai Massacre 1969 media broke story 1968 Lieutenant William Calley led platoon into village of My Lai Ordered killing of over 120 elderly men, women, children Village behavior: daily routines No gunfire

7. Results of the My Lai Massacre Calley stood trial 1971: sentenced life in prison (hard labor) Nixon reduced to 4 ½ months at Fort Benning, Georgia 1974: Nixon commuted entire sentence

8. Repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • 1970: Congress repealed Gulf Tonkin Resolution • Took away President’s ability to wage unlimited warfare

9. PEACE TALKS Henry Kissenger (United States) Le DucTho (North Vietnam)

10. October, 1972 • Kissenger: “peace at hand” • The deal: • Remove all American troops • Coalition government in South Vietnam • Nixon promised South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu U.S. support if agreement broken • Broke off talks • U.S. renewed bombing of Hanoi

11. December, 1972 • Soviet Union and China on verge of improving relations with the U.S. • So . . . USSR and China pushed North Vietnam to resume peace talks

12. TREATY OF PARIS • January 27, 1973 • ENDS American involvement in Vietnam • American troops removed • American Prisoner’s of War (P.O.W.’s) returned • Coalition government in South Vietnam

13. Post U.S. involvement • Fighting resumes as soon as U.S. leaves • President Van Thieu asks President Ford for help • Congress refuses aid for South Vietnam

14. Fall of Saigon • April 30, 1975 • Saigon surrounded • Loyalists to government trying to escape • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdR2Iktffaw

15. Results of Vietnam War • Single, independent, communist Vietnam • 58,000 American soldiers killed • Millions of Vietnamese killed • Destruction of Vietnam • Loyalists flee to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and U.S. • Questions begin . . .

16. POST WAR VIETNAM

17. How do we recover from Vietnam? • POLITICAL RECOVERY • SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL RECOVERY

18. POLITICAL RECOVERY • Pentagon Papers – 1971 • Media reveals that Johnson lied about Gulf of Tonkin incident • Less trust in politicians and government • 26th Amendment – 1971 • Lowers voting age from 21 to 18

19. POLITICAL RECOVERY (continued) • War Powers Act – 1973 • President has authority to use military without consulting Congress • If he does, he must notify Congress within 48 hours. • If Congress does not approve, he must return troops within 60 days.

20. POLITICAL RECOVERY (continued) • “Vietnam Syndrome” • Don’t let “another Vietnam” happen again • The U.S. must be very careful when sending troops abroad; we don’t want “another Vietnam”

21. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL RECOVERY TREATMENT OF VETERANS ABUSED IGNORED PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) drug/alcohol abuse marriage/job problems Homelessness suicide

22. SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL RECOVERY (continued) Maya Lin – Yale architecture Student Designed the Vietnam Memorial in 1982

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